Spinal fusion surgery is when 2 or more vertebrae are grafted together. This causes the vertebrae to grow together to form a solid structure rather than individual bones. When the vertebrae are fused together that section of the spine loses movement. Additionally bone spurs and intervertebral discs may be removed, which can help reduce pain by decreasing pressure on nerves.

This surgery can be performed in a few different ways. An incision to access the spine can be made through the abdomen, the back, or both. Usually to stabilize the spine while the vertebrae fuse together, either metal screws and rods are secured to the bones or a plastic cage is inserted. The surgeon will decide which equipment and procedure is appropriate depending on the patient's symptoms.

Sources: Mayoclinic.com, Medicinenet.com